AUTHOR: unknown
PUBLICATION NAME: PsyArticles.com
DATE OF PUBLICATION: December 2008
SUMMARY: Researchers have discovered that consumers will spend more on a product using positive advertising if there is no deadline or the deadline is far in the future for the purchase. On the other hand, if the deadline is eminent, consumers will spend more money on products using negative advertising. A positive advertisement is something that encourages a consumer to buy a product because something good will happen to them if they do. One example is “get the best deal”. A negative advertisement is something that discourages a consumer from not buying the product. An example is “do not get ripped off.”
Researchers have also discovered that high levels of emotion in an advertisement have a positive effect on consumers regardless of the intended message of the advertisement or what the emotion in the advertisement is. In addition, advertisements with low levels of emotion have no effect on the consumer, no matter how factual or informative the advertisement is. This suggests that companies should focus more on the creativity and emotion in their advertisement than on factual information because no matter how good your product sounds on paper, consumers are only affected by the emotions in the advertisement. This may also lead to consumers being less aware that the advertisement is influencing their behavior, thus making them more susceptible to its sway.
To sum it all up, in an advertisement you should use positive reinforcement for products that there is no eminent deadline to purchase and negative advertisement if there is an eminent deadline. In addition, it does not matter what you say, but how you say it.
LINKS TO STUDY: none listed
ARTICLE: http://www.psyarticles.com/emotion/advertising-message.htm
SUBMITTED BY: Stephanie Walker
Monday, October 25, 2010
Sunday, October 24, 2010
Girls are More Intelligent than Boys, but Men are More Intelligent than Women
AUTHOR: Satoshi Kanazawa
PUBLICATION NAME: Psychology Today
DATE OF PUBLICATION: October 3, 2010
SUMMARY: Girls mature faster than boys, so the “male advantage” in intelligence does not seem to appear until after puberty. Due to a large difference in maturity level, comparing two boys at age 10 is considered the equivalent to comparing two girls at the age of 12. Older and more mature children have a greater cognitive capacity than those children younger and less mature.
Britain’s National Child Development Study took a group of about 17,000 newborns in March of 1958 and followed them for more than fifty years, measuring their IQs at set dates. Using data from this interesting study, it is apparent that at ages seven and eleven (before puberty), girls have a higher IQ than boys. This indicates that prepubescent girls are more generally intelligent than prepubescent boys.
At age 16, however, measuring the IQs of the same group of children, it is evident that the roles have been reversed: males at this age have a slightly higher IQ than females.
Kanazawa claims that the later male advantage in intelligence is attributed to both maturity as well as height. This height theory connects to a previous post by Kanazawa and study, which can be found here: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200901/why-men-are-more-intelligent-women
The notion that young girls are more intelligent than young boys is widely accepted and is no surprise. Boys are much less mature than girls. However, the theory about teenage boys and men being more intelligent than teenage girls and women is somewhat controversial. It is an interesting concept, one that I believe will take many more years and many more studies to actually prove, if it ever can be proved.
LINKS TO STUDY: none
ARTICLE: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/201010/girls-are-more-intelligent-boys-men-are-more-intelligent-w
SUBMITTED BY: Courtney Caglia-Hilty
PUBLICATION NAME: Psychology Today
DATE OF PUBLICATION: October 3, 2010
SUMMARY: Girls mature faster than boys, so the “male advantage” in intelligence does not seem to appear until after puberty. Due to a large difference in maturity level, comparing two boys at age 10 is considered the equivalent to comparing two girls at the age of 12. Older and more mature children have a greater cognitive capacity than those children younger and less mature.
Britain’s National Child Development Study took a group of about 17,000 newborns in March of 1958 and followed them for more than fifty years, measuring their IQs at set dates. Using data from this interesting study, it is apparent that at ages seven and eleven (before puberty), girls have a higher IQ than boys. This indicates that prepubescent girls are more generally intelligent than prepubescent boys.
At age 16, however, measuring the IQs of the same group of children, it is evident that the roles have been reversed: males at this age have a slightly higher IQ than females.
Kanazawa claims that the later male advantage in intelligence is attributed to both maturity as well as height. This height theory connects to a previous post by Kanazawa and study, which can be found here: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200901/why-men-are-more-intelligent-women
The notion that young girls are more intelligent than young boys is widely accepted and is no surprise. Boys are much less mature than girls. However, the theory about teenage boys and men being more intelligent than teenage girls and women is somewhat controversial. It is an interesting concept, one that I believe will take many more years and many more studies to actually prove, if it ever can be proved.
LINKS TO STUDY: none
ARTICLE: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/201010/girls-are-more-intelligent-boys-men-are-more-intelligent-w
SUBMITTED BY: Courtney Caglia-Hilty
Keeping Young Minds Healthy
AUTHOR: Jeffrey Kluger
PUBLICATION NAME: Times Magazine
DATE OF PUBLICATION: October 21, 2010
SUMMARY: Bethany was a young girl that developed a mental illness by the time she was in fifth grade. She began to question whether or not she truly was attracted to boys. Most children who begin to question their orientation eventually accept and embrace the fact that they are gay. However, Bethany was not homosexual; instead she had a form of OCD that feeds on uncertainty. Even when she instinctively felt that she was attracted to boys, she obsessed over the question of her onrientation. This constant doubt was fed from the fact that there is no scientific way of proving whether a person is attracted to men or women. When Bethany was thirty, she found a website for an OCD institute and found that she fit one of the expressions of this disorder. Once diagnosed, she was able to begin therapies to could cope with her uncertanity.
Studies show that there are high numbers of children who have emotional or behavioral disorders. About one in five children in the U.S. suffers from some sort of mental-health condition, and fifty percent of adults with these conditions were diagnosed before the age of fourteen. The good news is that most of these codnitions can be improved through early intervention. One way for these disorders to be diagnosed in time to be treated and resolved relatively quickly is for parents to notice behaviors that could be signs for a condition such as OCD or ADHD.
ARTICLE: http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2026672_2026712_2026677,00.html
SUBMITTED BY: Ginevra Scherini
PUBLICATION NAME: Times Magazine
DATE OF PUBLICATION: October 21, 2010
SUMMARY: Bethany was a young girl that developed a mental illness by the time she was in fifth grade. She began to question whether or not she truly was attracted to boys. Most children who begin to question their orientation eventually accept and embrace the fact that they are gay. However, Bethany was not homosexual; instead she had a form of OCD that feeds on uncertainty. Even when she instinctively felt that she was attracted to boys, she obsessed over the question of her onrientation. This constant doubt was fed from the fact that there is no scientific way of proving whether a person is attracted to men or women. When Bethany was thirty, she found a website for an OCD institute and found that she fit one of the expressions of this disorder. Once diagnosed, she was able to begin therapies to could cope with her uncertanity.
Studies show that there are high numbers of children who have emotional or behavioral disorders. About one in five children in the U.S. suffers from some sort of mental-health condition, and fifty percent of adults with these conditions were diagnosed before the age of fourteen. The good news is that most of these codnitions can be improved through early intervention. One way for these disorders to be diagnosed in time to be treated and resolved relatively quickly is for parents to notice behaviors that could be signs for a condition such as OCD or ADHD.
ARTICLE: http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2026672_2026712_2026677,00.html
SUBMITTED BY: Ginevra Scherini
Sunday, October 10, 2010
Stereotypes: Why We Do It
AUTHOR: Anne Murphy Paul
PUBLICATION NAME: Psychology Today
DATE OF PUBLICATION: May 01, 1998. Last reviewed: August 01, 2009
SUMMARY: This article is basically about how and why people stereotype. Researchers who studied stereotyping asked people about how they felt towards a certain race or minority group. Because of this, "psychologists now understand that these conscious replies are only half the story. How progressive a person seems to be on the surface bears little or no relation to how prejudiced he or she is on an unconscious level[...]" Another experiment was conducted- how quickly people respond when a positive word was paired with a white name, and a negative word paired with a black name. "Because our minds are more accustomed to making these associations, says Banaji, they process them more rapidly. Though the words and names aren't subliminal, they are presented so quickly that a subject's ability to make deliberate choices is diminished--allowing his or her underlying assumptions to show through. The same technique can be used to measure stereotypes about many different social groups, such as homosexuals, women, and the elderly." (huge quote!) Studies also show that we are too vulnerable to society's judgments about people/minorities/races-- thus making us stereotype. "Without it (stereotypes), we wouldn't survive. Stereotypes changes the field of psychology because it shows how the mind is easily influenced by anything we see or hear. This research doesn't counter existing history, since stereotypes have lived for many centuries. We should care about stereotypes, because, although stereotypes make life "easier," they are also incorrect (at times). For example, not every Asian is smart nor every African American does drugs. Despite it being a "mental shortcut," we should break the stereotype- although it would be very difficult. Stereotypes downgrade (more than upgrade) a person, a race, minority or religion- which is morally wrong. (Idk an alternative word for morally wrong..)
LINKS TO STUDY:
ARTICLE: http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199805/where-bias-begins-the-truth-about-stereotypes
SUBMITTED BY: Kristine Vu
PUBLICATION NAME: Psychology Today
DATE OF PUBLICATION: May 01, 1998. Last reviewed: August 01, 2009
SUMMARY: This article is basically about how and why people stereotype. Researchers who studied stereotyping asked people about how they felt towards a certain race or minority group. Because of this, "psychologists now understand that these conscious replies are only half the story. How progressive a person seems to be on the surface bears little or no relation to how prejudiced he or she is on an unconscious level[...]" Another experiment was conducted- how quickly people respond when a positive word was paired with a white name, and a negative word paired with a black name. "Because our minds are more accustomed to making these associations, says Banaji, they process them more rapidly. Though the words and names aren't subliminal, they are presented so quickly that a subject's ability to make deliberate choices is diminished--allowing his or her underlying assumptions to show through. The same technique can be used to measure stereotypes about many different social groups, such as homosexuals, women, and the elderly." (huge quote!) Studies also show that we are too vulnerable to society's judgments about people/minorities/races-- thus making us stereotype. "Without it (stereotypes), we wouldn't survive. Stereotypes changes the field of psychology because it shows how the mind is easily influenced by anything we see or hear. This research doesn't counter existing history, since stereotypes have lived for many centuries. We should care about stereotypes, because, although stereotypes make life "easier," they are also incorrect (at times). For example, not every Asian is smart nor every African American does drugs. Despite it being a "mental shortcut," we should break the stereotype- although it would be very difficult. Stereotypes downgrade (more than upgrade) a person, a race, minority or religion- which is morally wrong. (Idk an alternative word for morally wrong..)
LINKS TO STUDY:
ARTICLE: http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199805/where-bias-begins-the-truth-about-stereotypes
SUBMITTED BY: Kristine Vu
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